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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Edited by: Emiliano J. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The tight association of the human body with trillions of colonizing microbes that we observe today is the result of a long evolutionary history. Only very recently have we started to understand how this symbiosis also affects brain function and behavior. In this hypothesis and theory article, we propose how host-microbe associations potentially influenced mammalian brain evolution and development. We argue that, in order to understand how inter-kingdom communication can affect brain adaptation and plasticity, it is inevitable to consider epigenetic mechanisms as important mediators of genome-microbiome interactions on an individual as well as a transgenerational time scale.
Finally, we unite these interpretations with the hologenome theory of evolution. Taken together, we propose a tighter integration of neuroscience fields with host-associated microbiology by taking an evolutionary perspective. Keywords: microbiota, sociality, neurodevelopment, gene-environment interactions, non-coding RNA, epigenetics, evo-devo, transgenerational. Dobzhansky, It is now over 40 years since Dobzhansky published his famous essay aimed at defending evolutionary thinking against the increasing influence of creationist belief Dobzhansky, Today the foundation of the neo-Darwinian synthesis that Dobzhansky helped engineer has grown into one of the central pillars of modern biology and underlines the essentiality of considering biological processes from an evolutionary viewpoint.
On inspection of the evolutionary and genomic trajectories of macroscopic species, biologists increasingly find that they are not only determined by changes in gene frequencies in the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes, but also strongly by genetic variation in the single-celled symbionts that can be understood as part of the total genetics of the macroscopic organism. In this light, intergenomic interactions between the nucleus and microbiome are similar to the intergenomic interactions between the nucleus and the mitochondria, or even between chromosomes of the nucleus.
Indeed since their origins, eukaryotes and their microbial symbionts have been and are being united in diverse associations, ranging from obligate intracellular to extracellular microbes that forge mutualistic, commensal and parasitic interactions Dale and Moran, ; Dethlefsen et al.