The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire , to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns. Aqueduct water supplied public baths , latrines , fountains, and private households; it also supported mining operations, milling, farms, and gardens.
Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, along a slight overall downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick , concrete or lead; the steeper the gradient, the faster the flow. Most conduits were buried beneath the ground and followed the contours of the terrain; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunneled through.
Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework , or its contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic, or stone pipes and siphoned across.
Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks, which helped to reduce any water-borne debris. Sluices , castella aquae distribution tanks and stopcocks regulated the supply to individual destinations, and fresh overflow water could be temporarily stored in cisterns.
Aqueducts and their contents were protected by law and custom. The supply to public fountains took priority over the supply to public baths, and both took priority over supplies to wealthier, fee-paying private users.
