The transorbital approach involved placing an orbitoclast an instrument resembling an ice pick under the eyelid and against the top of the eye socket; a mallet was then used to drive the orbitoclast through the thin layer of bone and into the brain. Freeman's transorbital lobotomy method did not require a neurosurgeon and could be performed outside of an operating room, often by untrained psychiatrists without the use of anesthesia by using electroconvulsive therapy to induce seizure and unconsciousness.
In , Freeman's partner James W. Watts ended their partnership because Watts was disgusted by Freeman's modification of the lobotomy from a surgical operation into a simple "office" procedure. Freeman and his procedure played a major role in popularizing lobotomy; he later traveled across the United States visiting mental institutions. In , one of Freeman's patients at Iowa's Cherokee Mental Health Institute died when he suddenly stopped for a photo during the procedure, and the orbitoclast accidentally penetrated too far into the patient's brain.
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After four decades Freeman had personally performed possibly as many as 4, lobotomies on patients as young as 4, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. Freeman's procedure eventually spread across the world. Walter J. Freeman was born on November 14, , and raised in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , by his parents. His father was also a very successful doctor.
Freeman attended Yale University beginning in , and graduated in He then moved on to study neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.
While attending medical school, he studied the work of William Spiller and idolized his groundbreaking work in the new field of the neurological sciences. Freeman applied for a coveted position working alongside Spiller in his home town of Philadelphia, but was rejected. Shortly afterward, in , Freeman relocated to Washington, D.
